Beijing 30-Day Weather Forecast & Extended Outlook


Beijing 30-Day Weather Forecast & Extended Outlook

A month-long meteorological prediction for China’s capital city provides an extended outlook on anticipated temperature fluctuations, precipitation probabilities, humidity levels, and wind conditions. This information allows for informed decision-making regarding travel plans, outdoor activities, and appropriate attire.

Extended predictions offer valuable insights for residents and visitors, enabling proactive planning for various scenarios. Farmers can adjust planting schedules, businesses can optimize logistics, and event organizers can make informed choices about outdoor venues. The development of meteorological science and improved data collection have increased the accuracy and reliability of long-term weather projections over time, becoming an essential tool for managing risks and maximizing opportunities presented by prevailing weather patterns.

Further exploration into the specific factors influencing Beijing’s climate, the methodologies employed in generating these predictions, and the limitations of forecasting accuracy will provide a deeper understanding of the value and applicability of these extended forecasts.

1. Temperature Fluctuations

Temperature fluctuations in Beijing over a 30-day period are a significant component of extended weather forecasts. These fluctuations are driven by several factors, including seasonal transitions, the movement of air masses, and local geographical influences. A 30-day forecast provides insights into the expected range of temperatures, from daily highs and lows to potential extreme temperature events. For instance, a forecast might indicate a gradual warming trend over the first two weeks, followed by a period of cooler temperatures associated with the arrival of a cold front. Understanding these fluctuations is crucial for planning outdoor activities, managing energy consumption, and preparing for potential weather-related disruptions.

Predicting temperature fluctuations accurately poses challenges due to the complex interplay of atmospheric variables. While weather models can project general trends, unforeseen weather systems can introduce variability. A sudden shift in wind direction, for example, can bring unexpected warmth or a rapid drop in temperature. Therefore, 30-day forecasts often include a range of possible temperatures to reflect this inherent uncertainty. This range becomes wider as the forecast extends further into the future, reflecting the decreasing predictability of weather patterns over longer timescales.

Accurately forecasting temperature fluctuations offers substantial practical value. Agricultural operations can be optimized by anticipating temperature changes that influence crop growth. Businesses can adjust logistics and supply chains to mitigate potential disruptions caused by extreme temperatures. Public health officials can issue warnings and implement preventative measures to protect vulnerable populations during heatwaves or cold spells. The ability to anticipate temperature fluctuations is essential for informed decision-making across various sectors in Beijing.

2. Precipitation Probability

Precipitation probability within a 30-day Beijing weather forecast provides crucial insights into the likelihood of rain, snow, or other forms of precipitation over an extended period. This probability is derived from complex atmospheric models that consider factors such as humidity levels, wind patterns, and temperature gradients. Understanding precipitation probability is essential for various activities, from planning outdoor events and agricultural operations to managing water resources and mitigating the risk of flooding. For example, a high probability of rainfall during a specific week might influence the decision to postpone a major outdoor festival or prompt farmers to take measures to protect crops.

The practical significance of precipitation probability within a 30-day forecast is underscored by its impact on various sectors. Construction projects can be scheduled to minimize weather-related delays, transportation systems can prepare for potential disruptions, and tourism operators can adjust itineraries to account for unfavorable weather conditions. Moreover, accurate precipitation forecasts contribute to effective water management strategies, enabling authorities to optimize reservoir levels and mitigate the risks associated with droughts or floods. In a city like Beijing, with its complex infrastructure and dense population, reliable precipitation forecasts play a vital role in ensuring public safety and minimizing economic losses.

Predicting precipitation probability over an extended timeframe remains a challenging task due to the inherent uncertainties in atmospheric dynamics. While weather models have become increasingly sophisticated, accurately forecasting the precise timing, location, and intensity of precipitation events over 30 days remains difficult. Despite these challenges, ongoing advancements in meteorological science and data analysis techniques continue to improve the accuracy and reliability of long-term precipitation forecasts, offering valuable insights for decision-making across various sectors in Beijing.

3. Humidity Levels

Humidity levels, representing the amount of water vapor present in the air, constitute a critical element within a 30-day Beijing weather forecast. These levels significantly influence perceived temperature, comfort levels, and the potential for precipitation. Understanding anticipated humidity fluctuations allows residents and visitors to prepare adequately for the prevailing weather conditions and potential health impacts. Extended forecasts provide valuable insights into how humidity might vary throughout the month, aiding in informed decision-making.

  • Impact on Perceived Temperature

    High humidity can make temperatures feel significantly warmer than the actual air temperature, as the body’s ability to cool itself through perspiration is reduced. Conversely, low humidity can make temperatures feel cooler. A 30-day forecast incorporating humidity projections allows individuals to choose appropriate clothing and take necessary precautions to mitigate potential discomfort or health risks associated with extreme humidity.

  • Relationship with Precipitation

    Humidity plays a crucial role in the formation of clouds and precipitation. High humidity levels increase the likelihood of rainfall, fog, or dew formation. A 30-day forecast helps anticipate periods of increased precipitation risk based on projected humidity trends. This information is particularly valuable for outdoor activities, agriculture, and infrastructure management.

  • Influence on Air Quality

    Humidity levels can influence air quality by affecting the concentration and distribution of pollutants. High humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues by trapping pollutants closer to the ground. Conversely, low humidity can lead to increased dust and particulate matter in the air. Understanding humidity projections within a 30-day forecast aids in assessing potential air quality challenges and taking appropriate precautions.

  • Effects on Human Health

    Extreme humidity, both high and low, can pose health risks. High humidity can lead to heatstroke, while low humidity can cause respiratory problems and skin irritation. A 30-day forecast incorporating humidity projections allows individuals to take preventative measures, such as staying hydrated and using humidifiers or dehumidifiers, to mitigate these risks.

By considering these multifaceted influences of humidity, a 30-day Beijing weather forecast provides a comprehensive outlook that empowers informed decision-making and contributes to public well-being. This information proves valuable for residents, tourists, businesses, and public health officials alike.

4. Wind speed and direction

Wind speed and direction are integral components of a 30-day Beijing weather forecast. These factors influence temperature, air quality, and the potential for precipitation. Wind direction dictates the source of air masses, impacting temperature and humidity. Northerly winds often bring cooler, drier air from Siberia, while southerly winds can transport warmer, more humid air from the south. Wind speed affects the rate of heat transfer and the dispersion of pollutants. Strong winds can moderate temperatures, preventing extreme heat or cold, and can also clear the air of pollutants. Conversely, calm winds can trap pollutants, leading to reduced air quality. Understanding projected wind patterns enables informed decisions regarding outdoor activities, construction projects, and air quality management.

For example, strong northerly winds during winter months can exacerbate cold temperatures, requiring increased energy consumption for heating. During spring, strong winds can transport sand and dust from the Gobi Desert, leading to reduced visibility and respiratory issues. In summer, southerly winds can bring increased humidity and contribute to the formation of thunderstorms. Predicting these wind patterns within a 30-day forecast provides valuable information for various sectors. Construction projects can be scheduled to avoid periods of high winds, agricultural operations can be adjusted to protect crops from wind damage, and public health officials can issue warnings regarding potential air quality hazards.

Accurate wind predictions contribute significantly to the overall value and utility of extended weather forecasts. While inherent uncertainties exist in long-term predictions, understanding the influence of wind speed and direction enhances preparedness for a range of weather-related challenges. This information empowers informed decision-making across various sectors in Beijing, promoting public safety, economic stability, and environmental protection. Integrating wind forecasts into broader meteorological assessments strengthens the capacity to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of evolving weather patterns.

5. Air Quality Index

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a crucial component of a 30-day Beijing weather forecast, providing critical information about the anticipated levels of air pollution. Understanding projected AQI values helps residents and visitors make informed decisions regarding outdoor activities, health precautions, and travel plans. Integrating AQI forecasts into extended weather predictions offers a more comprehensive understanding of potential environmental challenges and supports proactive measures to mitigate health risks.

  • Pollutant Concentration Forecasting

    AQI forecasts within a 30-day timeframe rely on predicting the concentrations of various pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Meteorological factors, such as wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity, significantly influence pollutant dispersion and accumulation. For example, stagnant air and temperature inversions can trap pollutants, leading to elevated AQI values. Conversely, strong winds can disperse pollutants, resulting in improved air quality. Accurately forecasting pollutant concentrations is essential for providing reliable AQI projections.

  • Health Impact Assessment

    Different AQI categories represent varying levels of health concern, ranging from “good” to “hazardous.” Extended AQI forecasts help individuals assess potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure to polluted air. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of poor air quality. AQI projections within a 30-day forecast empower these groups to take necessary precautions, such as limiting outdoor activities or using air purifiers, to minimize health risks.

  • Influence of Meteorological Factors

    Weather conditions significantly influence AQI values. Temperature inversions, characterized by a layer of warm air trapping cooler air near the ground, can prevent pollutants from dispersing, leading to elevated AQI levels. Rainfall can wash out some pollutants, temporarily improving air quality. Wind speed and direction determine the transport and dispersion of pollutants, influencing AQI values across different locations. Integrating meteorological data into AQI forecasting models enhances the accuracy and reliability of these predictions.

  • Impact on Daily Activities

    Projected AQI values within a 30-day forecast inform decisions regarding daily activities. High AQI values might necessitate adjustments to outdoor exercise routines, event scheduling, and travel plans. Schools and businesses might consider closures or modified operations during periods of severely degraded air quality. Integrating AQI forecasts into daily life empowers individuals and organizations to make informed choices that protect public health and minimize disruptions.

By incorporating AQI projections, 30-day Beijing weather forecasts offer a more comprehensive and actionable outlook. This integration empowers residents, visitors, and policymakers to proactively address potential air quality challenges, promoting public health and enhancing overall well-being. The ability to anticipate periods of elevated air pollution contributes to a more resilient and informed community, better equipped to navigate the complexities of urban environments.

6. Sunrise and Sunset Times

Sunrise and sunset times, while seemingly simple data points, offer valuable context within a 30-day Beijing weather forecast. These times directly correlate with daylight hours, influencing temperature fluctuations, energy consumption patterns, and the planning of various activities. Understanding the progression of sunrise and sunset times throughout the forecast period provides a deeper understanding of daily weather patterns and facilitates more effective planning.

  • Influence on Daily Temperature Fluctuations

    Sunrise marks the beginning of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, initiating the daily temperature increase. Sunset signals the cessation of direct solar heating, leading to a gradual temperature decrease. The duration of daylight hours, determined by sunrise and sunset times, directly impacts the magnitude of daily temperature fluctuations. Longer daylight hours contribute to greater daytime heating, while shorter daylight hours result in less pronounced temperature increases. Within a 30-day forecast, observing the changing sunrise and sunset times allows for anticipating these temperature variations and adapting accordingly.

  • Impact on Energy Consumption

    Sunrise and sunset times significantly influence energy consumption patterns. Longer daylight hours reduce the need for artificial lighting, while shorter daylight hours increase electricity demand. A 30-day forecast incorporating sunrise and sunset times provides insights into potential energy consumption trends, allowing for better resource management and planning. This information is valuable for both individual households and larger-scale energy providers.

  • Implications for Outdoor Activities

    Planning outdoor activities relies heavily on available daylight hours. Sunrise and sunset times within a 30-day forecast define the window of opportunity for various pursuits, from recreational activities to agricultural operations. Knowing the precise times of sunrise and sunset facilitates scheduling and optimizes the utilization of daylight hours. For example, photographers can plan their shoots to capture the golden hour light, while farmers can adjust their work schedules based on available daylight.

  • Correlation with Meteorological Phenomena

    Sunrise and sunset times indirectly correlate with certain meteorological phenomena. For instance, the formation of dew and fog is more likely during the cooler, calmer hours around sunrise. Certain types of clouds, such as radiation fog, are also influenced by the timing of sunrise and sunset. Understanding these connections provides a more nuanced understanding of the forecast and allows for anticipating potential weather-related challenges.

By incorporating sunrise and sunset times, 30-day Beijing weather forecasts offer a more comprehensive perspective on daily weather patterns. This seemingly simple data provides valuable insights into temperature fluctuations, energy consumption, and the feasibility of various activities. Understanding the interplay of sunrise, sunset, and meteorological factors empowers informed decision-making and contributes to a more complete understanding of Beijing’s weather dynamics over an extended timeframe.

7. Historical Weather Data

Historical weather data plays a crucial role in generating accurate 30-day Beijing weather forecasts. Past observations of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind patterns, and other meteorological variables provide a baseline for understanding typical weather patterns and their variability over time. This historical context informs the development of predictive models, enabling meteorologists to identify trends, seasonal variations, and the likelihood of extreme weather events. For instance, analyzing historical temperature data for Beijing during October reveals a typical cooling trend with average temperatures decreasing from around 17C at the beginning of the month to around 9C by the end of the month. This historical information contributes to the accuracy of temperature predictions within a 30-day forecast for October.

Analyzing historical weather data also allows meteorologists to identify recurring weather patterns and anomalies. For example, examining historical records might reveal a tendency for late-summer typhoons to impact Beijing, influencing precipitation predictions within a 30-day forecast during August or September. Furthermore, analyzing the frequency and intensity of past heatwaves or cold spells contributes to assessing the probability of similar events occurring within the forecast period. This historical perspective provides valuable insights into the potential range of weather conditions and their associated impacts. By comparing current conditions with historical analogues, forecasters can refine predictions and provide more contextually relevant information. For instance, if current sea surface temperatures in the Pacific are similar to those observed during previous El Nio events, forecasters might anticipate warmer and drier conditions in Beijing based on the historical impacts of El Nio on the region’s climate.

The integration of historical weather data into forecasting models enhances the reliability and practical utility of 30-day Beijing weather predictions. This historical context enables a deeper understanding of the range of possible weather scenarios and their associated probabilities. While forecasting inherent uncertainties remain, particularly over extended timeframes, leveraging historical data strengthens the capacity to anticipate and prepare for a variety of weather conditions. This information empowers informed decision-making across diverse sectors, from agriculture and infrastructure management to public health and tourism, contributing to increased resilience and preparedness in the face of evolving weather patterns.

8. Climate Change Impacts

Climate change significantly influences long-term weather patterns, impacting the accuracy and interpretation of 30-day Beijing weather forecasts. Observed trends in temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events necessitate incorporating climate change projections into these forecasts to provide a more realistic and actionable outlook. Understanding the evolving climate context is crucial for effectively utilizing extended forecasts and preparing for potential weather-related challenges.

  • Shifting Temperature Baselines

    Rising global temperatures influence local climate conditions, resulting in shifting temperature baselines. A 30-day forecast must account for these long-term warming trends to provide accurate temperature projections. What was considered an unusually warm day in the past may become increasingly common in the future. Understanding this shift is crucial for interpreting temperature forecasts and assessing potential heatwave risks.

  • Altered Precipitation Patterns

    Climate change affects precipitation patterns, leading to changes in the frequency, intensity, and distribution of rainfall and snowfall. Some regions may experience increased drought conditions, while others face heightened flood risks. A 30-day Beijing weather forecast must incorporate these altered precipitation patterns to provide reliable projections. This information is critical for water resource management, agricultural planning, and disaster preparedness.

  • Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events

    Climate change increases the likelihood of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall events, and droughts. Accurately predicting and preparing for these events poses significant challenges for 30-day forecasts. Incorporating climate change projections into these forecasts helps assess the probability and potential impact of extreme weather, enabling proactive mitigation measures.

  • Impact on Air Quality

    Climate change can exacerbate air pollution by influencing temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation. Higher temperatures can increase the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant. Changes in wind patterns can affect the transport and dispersion of pollutants. Altered precipitation patterns can influence the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere. A 30-day forecast that considers climate change impacts on air quality provides a more comprehensive assessment of potential respiratory health risks.

Integrating climate change projections into 30-day Beijing weather forecasts enhances their accuracy and relevance. Recognizing the evolving climate context is crucial for interpreting these forecasts effectively and making informed decisions. This information empowers individuals, businesses, and policymakers to proactively adapt to changing weather patterns and mitigate the risks associated with climate change.

9. Forecast Model Accuracy

Forecast model accuracy is paramount for the reliability and utility of 30-day Beijing weather forecasts. These forecasts rely on complex numerical models that simulate atmospheric processes to predict future weather conditions. The accuracy of these models directly impacts the confidence with which predictions can be interpreted and applied to decision-making. Several factors influence forecast model accuracy, and understanding these limitations is essential for effectively utilizing extended weather predictions.

  • Model Resolution and Complexity

    Model resolution refers to the spatial scale at which atmospheric processes are represented. Higher resolution models capture finer details, potentially leading to more accurate predictions, especially for localized weather phenomena. Model complexity encompasses the sophistication of the physical and chemical processes incorporated into the simulation. More complex models can better represent the intricate interactions within the atmosphere, potentially improving accuracy, but also require greater computational resources. For a 30-day Beijing forecast, balancing model resolution and complexity is crucial for achieving optimal accuracy within reasonable computational constraints.

  • Data Input Quality and Availability

    Weather models rely on vast amounts of observational data, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure, collected from ground stations, weather balloons, satellites, and other sources. The quality and availability of this data directly impact model accuracy. Data gaps or inaccuracies can propagate through the model, leading to errors in the forecast. For a 30-day Beijing forecast, access to high-quality, real-time data from diverse sources is essential for maximizing prediction accuracy.

  • Chaos and Predictability Limits

    The atmosphere is a chaotic system, meaning that small changes in initial conditions can lead to significant differences in future weather patterns. This inherent chaos places limitations on the predictability of weather, especially over extended timeframes. While models can capture general trends and probabilities, predicting precise weather conditions beyond a certain timeframe becomes increasingly challenging. For a 30-day Beijing forecast, this predictability limit necessitates acknowledging inherent uncertainties and presenting predictions as probabilities rather than certainties.

  • Ensemble Forecasting Techniques

    Ensemble forecasting involves running multiple model simulations with slightly different initial conditions or model parameters. This technique helps quantify forecast uncertainty by producing a range of possible future weather scenarios. The spread of these ensemble predictions provides insights into the confidence level of the forecast. A wider spread indicates greater uncertainty, while a narrower spread suggests higher confidence. For 30-day Beijing forecasts, ensemble forecasting is a valuable tool for communicating the inherent uncertainties associated with long-term predictions.

Understanding the factors influencing forecast model accuracy is crucial for interpreting and utilizing 30-day Beijing weather predictions effectively. Recognizing the inherent limitations of long-term forecasts allows for more informed decision-making based on probabilities rather than certainties. By considering model resolution, data quality, chaos limitations, and ensemble forecasting techniques, users of these forecasts can gain a more nuanced understanding of potential future weather conditions and their associated uncertainties. This awareness fosters more resilient planning strategies and contributes to a more informed and prepared community.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries regarding 30-day weather forecasts for Beijing, providing clarity on their interpretation and limitations.

Question 1: How reliable are 30-day weather forecasts for Beijing?

While 30-day forecasts offer valuable insights into potential weather trends, their accuracy diminishes with time. Predictions for the first 10 days generally exhibit higher reliability compared to those for the latter part of the 30-day period. Unforeseen weather events can introduce variability, impacting the precision of long-term projections.

Question 2: How does air pollution in Beijing affect the accuracy of weather forecasts?

Air pollution can influence local temperature and precipitation patterns. High concentrations of particulate matter can absorb and scatter sunlight, affecting temperature gradients and potentially altering cloud formation. While weather models account for these influences, accurately predicting the precise impact of air pollution on weather systems remains challenging.

Question 3: How do seasonal variations impact the reliability of long-term weather predictions for Beijing?

Seasonal transitions, such as spring and autumn, can introduce greater variability in weather patterns, making accurate long-term predictions more challenging. During these periods, rapid shifts in temperature and precipitation can occur, influencing forecast accuracy. Forecasts during more stable seasonal periods, like summer and winter, tend to exhibit higher reliability.

Question 4: What are the primary limitations of 30-day weather forecasts?

The inherent chaos of the atmosphere poses fundamental limits on long-term weather predictability. Small variations in initial conditions can lead to significant divergences in future weather patterns. Furthermore, the complexity of interactions between various atmospheric factors introduces uncertainty into long-term projections. Therefore, 30-day forecasts should be interpreted as probabilistic guidance rather than deterministic predictions.

Question 5: How can individuals effectively utilize 30-day weather forecasts in Beijing?

Individuals can utilize 30-day forecasts to gain a general understanding of potential weather trends, including temperature ranges, precipitation probabilities, and wind patterns. This information aids in planning outdoor activities, travel arrangements, and appropriate attire. However, one should acknowledge the inherent limitations of long-term forecasts and remain adaptable to changing weather conditions.

Question 6: Where can one find reliable 30-day weather forecasts for Beijing?

Reputable meteorological agencies, such as the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), and international weather services provide publicly accessible weather forecasts for Beijing. When evaluating forecasts, consider the source’s reputation, the model’s resolution, and the use of ensemble forecasting techniques. Cross-referencing predictions from multiple sources can provide a more comprehensive perspective.

Understanding the limitations and appropriate applications of 30-day weather forecasts enables more informed decision-making and enhances preparedness for a range of weather conditions. Recognizing these forecasts as probabilistic guidance rather than absolute predictions promotes a more realistic and adaptive approach to navigating Beijing’s weather patterns.

Further exploration of specific meteorological concepts and forecasting methodologies can deepen ones understanding of weather prediction complexities.

Tips for Utilizing 30-Day Beijing Weather Forecasts

The following tips provide guidance on effectively interpreting and applying extended weather forecasts in Beijing.

Tip 1: Prioritize Near-Term Accuracy: While a 30-day forecast offers a broad overview, prioritize the higher accuracy of predictions within the first 7-10 days for critical decisions. Recognize decreasing reliability as the forecast extends further into the future.

Tip 2: Account for Seasonal Variability: Consider seasonal transitions when interpreting forecasts. Spring and autumn often exhibit greater variability, requiring increased vigilance and adaptability to changing conditions compared to the more stable summer and winter months.

Tip 3: Interpret Probabilities, Not Certainties: Understand that long-term forecasts present probabilities, not definitive outcomes. Prepare for a range of potential weather scenarios rather than fixating on a single prediction. Flexibility remains key.

Tip 4: Cross-Reference Multiple Sources: Consulting forecasts from multiple reputable sourcescomparing models, methodologies, and interpretationsprovides a more comprehensive perspective and enhances understanding of potential uncertainties.

Tip 5: Integrate Air Quality Information: Consider air quality forecasts alongside weather predictions. Elevated pollution levels can exacerbate respiratory issues, particularly during specific meteorological conditions. Factor AQI projections into health precautions and outdoor activity planning.

Tip 6: Utilize Sunrise and Sunset Data: Factor sunrise and sunset times into daily planning. These data points offer valuable context for temperature fluctuations, daylight hours, and the scheduling of outdoor activities.

Tip 7: Account for Climate Change Trends: Recognize that climate change influences long-term weather patterns. Consider historical trends and projected climate impacts when interpreting forecasts, particularly regarding temperature and extreme weather events.

By following these tips, one can effectively utilize 30-day weather forecasts in Beijing to make informed decisions, enhance preparedness, and navigate the complexities of evolving weather patterns. Integrating these forecasts into planning processes contributes to improved adaptability and resilience in the face of weather-related challenges.

The subsequent conclusion synthesizes key insights and underscores the importance of responsible utilization of weather information.

Conclusion

Navigating Beijing’s weather necessitates informed awareness, particularly within a dynamic environment influenced by both short-term fluctuations and long-term climate trends. Thirty-day weather forecasts offer valuable, albeit probabilistic, insights into temperature variations, precipitation probabilities, wind patterns, and air quality projections. Understanding the limitations of these extended forecasts, coupled with leveraging historical data and climate change projections, empowers effective utilization of available information. Integrating meteorological insights into decision-making processes, from personal activities to urban planning, enhances preparedness and resilience.

Responsible utilization of weather information, continuous refinement of forecasting methodologies, and heightened awareness of evolving climate patterns contribute to a more informed and adaptable populace. This proactive approach strengthens the capacity to mitigate weather-related risks, optimize resource allocation, and safeguard public well-being within the dynamic context of Beijing’s climate.